建(jian)立(li)現代企業(ye)制(zhi)度(du)(du)，是(shi)(shi)發(fa)展社(she)會化大生產和市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)必然要(yao)求(qiu)，是(shi)(shi)公有(you)制(zhi)與市場(chang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)相結合的(de)有(you)效途(tu)徑，是(shi)(shi)深化國(guo)(guo)有(you)企業(ye)改革(ge)的(de)方(fang)向。現代企業(ye)制(zhi)度(du)(du)發(fa)端(duan)、完善于(yu)(yu)西方(fang)，是(shi)(shi)迄今為止(zhi)被證明是(shi)(shi)最為行之有(you)效的(de)企業(ye)管理制(zhi)度(du)(du)。但是(shi)(shi)，由于(yu)(yu)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)治、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)、文化和社(she)會狀況不同(tong)于(yu)(yu)西方(fang)國(guo)(guo)家，建(jian)立(li)現代國(guo)(guo)有(you)企業(ye)制(zhi)度(du)(du)既要(yao)借(jie)鑒國(guo)(guo)外經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗，又(you)不能照(zhao)搬西方(fang)國(guo)(guo)家的(de)模式(shi)。因此(ci)，必須依據我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)政(zheng)治經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)社(she)會基本制(zhi)度(du)(du)，立(li)足(zu)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情和企業(ye)實際(ji)，建(jian)立(li)具有(you)中國(guo)(guo)特色的(de)現代國(guo)(guo)有(you)企業(ye)制(zhi)度(du)(du)。 

    中(zhong)國(guo)特(te)色現(xian)代國(guo)有企業(ye)制度的基(ji)本特(te)征

    李源(yuan)潮在(zai)《以改(gai)革(ge)創(chuang)新精神推進國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)建設，把黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)(zhi)優勢轉化(hua)為(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)科學(xue)(xue)發展(zhan)優勢》一文中(zhong)指出(chu)，確立企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)公司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)結構中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)(zhi)核心(xin)地位，構建確保黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)(zhi)充分發揮政治(zhi)(zhi)核心(xin)作(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)公司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)結構運行機制(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特色(se)現(xian)(xian)代國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)鮮(xian)明特征和(he)本質要(yao)求。可以說這也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特色(se)現(xian)(xian)代國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)核心(xin)原則(ze)。因(yin)此，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特色(se)現(xian)(xian)代國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)將黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)(zhi)納入現(xian)(xian)代企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，把現(xian)(xian)代企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)先進的(de)(de)(de)公司(si)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)結構與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)設置(zhi)、職責、任務(wu)有機結合起來(lai)，進一步相互豐富和(he)完善，最終保證(zheng)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)理(li)(li)科學(xue)(xue)、運行健康、發展(zhan)和(he)諧的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)。這個(ge)(ge)(ge)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)有三(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)顯(xian)著特征（或者要(yao)素）：黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)導，在(zai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)通(tong)過(guo)黨(dang)(dang)組織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)(zhi)核心(xin)作(zuo)用來(lai)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)；國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有控(kong)股(gu)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家作(zuo)為(wei)控(kong)股(gu)股(gu)東并通(tong)過(guo)各級國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)資委履行出(chu)資人(ren)職責；現(xian)(xian)代企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，以法(fa)人(ren)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)結構作(zuo)為(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)模式。實(shi)現(xian)(xian)三(san)大(da)要(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)有機融合是(shi)(shi)(shi)探索中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特色(se)現(xian)(xian)代國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)。

    構(gou)建中國特色(se)現(xian)代(dai)國有企業制度(du)面臨(lin)的問題

    自十四屆三(san)中全會(hui)(hui)提出國(guo)有企業改革的目(mu)標是(shi)建(jian)立現(xian)代企業制(zhi)(zhi)度以來，“三(san)會(hui)(hui)一層(ceng)”（股東會(hui)(hui)、董事會(hui)(hui)、監事會(hui)(hui)、經(jing)理層(ceng)）的公(gong)司治理結構在我國(guo)國(guo)有企業已普遍建(jian)立。但在已建(jian)立了(le)現(xian)代企業制(zhi)(zhi)度的部(bu)分(fen)國(guo)有企業中仍存在兩個普遍性的大問題。

    法(fa)人(ren)治理(li)(li)(li)結構(gou)(gou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)規(gui)范的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)大部分是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)獨(du)資(zi)或國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)控(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，由(you)此給現(xian)代企業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)建帶來(lai)了(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少問(wen)題(ti)，主(zhu)要表(biao)(biao)現(xian)在：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)股(gu)(gu)(gu)權結構(gou)(gou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)股(gu)(gu)(gu)一(yi)(yi)股(gu)(gu)(gu)“獨(du)大”。股(gu)(gu)(gu)權過(guo)(guo)于(yu)(yu)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利于(yu)(yu)投(tou)資(zi)主(zhu)體多元化和(he)多元產權主(zhu)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衡機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利于(yu)(yu)企業(ye)(ye)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)科(ke)學(xue)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)人(ren)治理(li)(li)(li)結構(gou)(gou)。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)所有(you)(you)者(zhe)缺位，導致“內(nei)(nei)部人(ren)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”現(xian)象突出(chu)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)作(zuo)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)出(chu)資(zi)、獨(du)資(zi)設立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)，所有(you)(you)權在國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)。盡管近年來(lai)相繼成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)了(le)各級國(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)委(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)出(chu)資(zi)人(ren)職責(ze)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)資(zi)委(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)般并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)直(zhi)接派人(ren)員(yuan)參與組建“三會(hui)(hui)(hui)”（股(gu)(gu)(gu)東會(hui)(hui)(hui)、董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)、監事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)），而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)授權委(wei)(wei)托企業(ye)(ye)作(zuo)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)股(gu)(gu)(gu)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)代表(biao)(biao)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)，真正(zheng)代表(biao)(biao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)出(chu)資(zi)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)往往還是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)企業(ye)(ye)“內(nei)(nei)部人(ren)”。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)，董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)產生機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)健全(quan)，董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)運作(zuo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)規(gui)范。大多數國(guo)(guo)(guo)企公(gong)司董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長、總經理(li)(li)(li)、黨委(wei)(wei)副(fu)書記兼紀委(wei)(wei)書記均為董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)當(dang)然成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)，客觀上形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)公(gong)司董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)內(nei)(nei)部人(ren)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)關(guan)鍵(jian)人(ren)決策模式的(de)(de)(de)(de)局面；另外董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結構(gou)(gou)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盡合(he)(he)理(li)(li)(li)，內(nei)(nei)部董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比例過(guo)(guo)大；董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)產生機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)健全(quan)，董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)(ren)職資(zi)格隨(sui)意性較強(qiang)，董(dong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)員(yuan)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)追究難(nan)(nan)以(yi)(yi)落(luo)實。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)監事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)難(nan)(nan)以(yi)(yi)發揮應(ying)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監督作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)企監事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效性一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)強(qiang)，由(you)于(yu)(yu)“內(nei)(nei)部人(ren)”控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)現(xian)象突出(chu)，再加上整體改制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上市后，集(ji)(ji)團公(gong)司的(de)(de)(de)(de)空殼化使(shi)得履(lv)(lv)行(xing)出(chu)資(zi)人(ren)監督職責(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外派監事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)陷入困(kun)境。五(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經理(li)(li)(li)層缺乏激(ji)勵和(he)約束機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企業(ye)(ye)現(xian)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產權制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個缺陷就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，出(chu)資(zi)者(zhe)難(nan)(nan)以(yi)(yi)通過(guo)(guo)所有(you)(you)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效行(xing)使(shi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)對企業(ye)(ye)經營(ying)管理(li)(li)(li)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效約束和(he)激(ji)勵，這(zhe)(zhe)導致經營(ying)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能有(you)(you)效使(shi)用(yong)(yong)甚至濫用(yong)(yong)經營(ying)管理(li)(li)(li)權。

    企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)要(yao)求(qiu)不(bu)相適應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)。近年來，各級黨(dang)(dang)(dang)委(wei)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)織認真貫(guan)徹黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)十七大精神和(he)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)中(zhong)央關(guan)于加強和(he)改(gai)進(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)系列方(fang)(fang)(fang)針政策，積極探索推進(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效途(tu)徑(jing)和(he)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法，使(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)呈現(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展勢頭(tou)，在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)產(chan)管理(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)發(fa)展穩定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)起到了重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保證作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。但也(ye)要(yao)看(kan)到，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、方(fang)(fang)(fang)式方(fang)(fang)(fang)法還(huan)存在(zai)(zai)著與(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度要(yao)求(qiu)不(bu)相適應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)：一(yi)是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)同志對(dui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位(wei)和(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)認識不(bu)夠(gou)深刻，忽(hu)(hu)視(shi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)被弱(ruo)化和(he)邊緣(yuan)化。主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)：企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)心(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)與(yu)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)厚此薄彼，對(dui)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)不(bu)夠(gou)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)，一(yi)些(xie)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)領導(dao)(dao)(dao)職(zhi)務(wu)“一(yi)肩挑”的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)領導(dao)(dao)(dao)，不(bu)能(neng)正確行使(shi)兩種職(zhi)權，承擔雙(shuang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)責任(ren)，只(zhi)抓(zhua)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)、忽(hu)(hu)視(shi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，“一(yi)手硬、一(yi)手軟”的(de)(de)(de)(de)傾向比較嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；一(yi)些(xie)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，只(zhi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)對(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)績的(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)核(he)獎懲，忽(hu)(hu)視(shi)對(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)任(ren)務(wu)落(luo)實情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)核(he)，使(shi)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)領導(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)只(zhi)注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)抓(zhua)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)，忽(hu)(hu)略企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。二是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)創新滯后于企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)改(gai)革(ge)發(fa)展，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)缺(que)乏(fa)活(huo)力。主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)：國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)織工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)體制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、方(fang)(fang)(fang)式方(fang)(fang)(fang)法與(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)不(bu)相適應(ying)；黨(dang)(dang)(dang)務(wu)干部隊伍有(you)(you)(you)弱(ruo)化趨(qu)勢，少數企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度過程中(zhong)，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)層(ceng)組(zu)織設(she)置、人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)配備、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)適應(ying)不(bu)了新形(xing)勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，黨(dang)(dang)(dang)內活(huo)動方(fang)(fang)(fang)式創新不(bu)夠(gou)，對(dui)如何(he)圍(wei)繞生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)找準切(qie)入點，充分發(fa)揮(hui)基(ji)(ji)層(ceng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)支部、黨(dang)(dang)(dang)員(yuan)(yuan)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)缺(que)乏(fa)途(tu)徑(jing)。三是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)織不(bu)能(neng)充分發(fa)揮(hui)政治核(he)心(xin)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，參與(yu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)決策、行使(shi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)管干部職(zhi)能(neng)缺(que)乏(fa)有(you)(you)(you)效途(tu)徑(jing)，對(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)領導(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)特別是(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)負責人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)督不(bu)到位(wei)。四(si)是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)領導(dao)(dao)(dao)班(ban)子和(he)領導(dao)(dao)(dao)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力素質不(bu)夠(gou)強，不(bu)能(neng)勝任(ren)領導(dao)(dao)(dao)科學發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)。五是(shi)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)基(ji)(ji)層(ceng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)織活(huo)動不(bu)正常，不(bu)能(neng)有(you)(you)(you)效發(fa)揮(hui)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)務(wu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者選拔難、安心(xin)難，后繼乏(fa)人(ren)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)突出(chu)，等(deng)等(deng)。這些(xie)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)不(bu)解決，嚴(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)約(yue)了黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)織政治優勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)揮(hui)，影響了黨(dang)(dang)(dang)組(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)(de)政治核(he)心(xin)地(di)位(wei)與(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。

    改革創新以推進中國特色現代(dai)國有(you)企業制度的建設(she)

    中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色現代(dai)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業制度的(de)(de)(de)建設是一個(ge)不斷(duan)改革(ge)創新的(de)(de)(de)過程。國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業作為國(guo)(guo)民經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)支柱要(yao)發揮堅實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)主導作用(yong)，作為完善社會主義(yi)市場經(jing)濟體制的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)力量要(yao)發揮積極的(de)(de)(de)推動作用(yong)，作為我國(guo)(guo)參與國(guo)(guo)際(ji)競(jing)爭的(de)(de)(de)主力軍要(yao)發揮有(you)(you)力的(de)(de)(de)引領作用(yong)，必(bi)須以改革(ge)創新精(jing)神推進中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色現代(dai)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業制度的(de)(de)(de)建設，充分(fen)發揮中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特色現代(dai)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業制度的(de)(de)(de)優勢，提(ti)升中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)核心競(jing)爭力。

    堅持現(xian)代企(qi)業(ye)(ye)制(zhi)度改革方向(xiang)(xiang)，以優化(hua)股(gu)(gu)(gu)權結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)為重點，不斷(duan)完善法(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)治(zhi)理結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)。優化(hua)股(gu)(gu)(gu)權結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，實現(xian)投資(zi)主體(ti)多元(yuan)化(hua)。加大(da)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)股(gu)(gu)(gu)減持的(de)(de)力(li)度，改變國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)股(gu)(gu)(gu)“一股(gu)(gu)(gu)獨大(da)”的(de)(de)現(xian)狀，擴大(da)非國(guo)(guo)家(jia)股(gu)(gu)(gu)比重；通過(guo)大(da)力(li)發展(zhan)機構(gou)(gou)投資(zi)者、企(qi)業(ye)(ye)法(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)股(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)公(gong)眾個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)股(gu)(gu)(gu)等多種(zhong)形式的(de)(de)投資(zi)主體(ti)來(lai)實現(xian)投資(zi)主體(ti)多元(yuan)化(hua)；通過(guo)股(gu)(gu)(gu)權的(de)(de)分(fen)散化(hua)來(lai)改變目(mu)前國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)股(gu)(gu)(gu)在多數企(qi)業(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)絕(jue)對控(kong)(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)地位(wei)。在一般(ban)性競爭領域，打破國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)法(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)股(gu)(gu)(gu)一股(gu)(gu)(gu)獨大(da)的(de)(de)絕(jue)對控(kong)(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)地位(wei)；對部(bu)分(fen)確需國(guo)(guo)家(jia)控(kong)(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)國(guo)(guo)計民生的(de)(de)大(da)中型(xing)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，只要(yao)(yao)達(da)到相對控(kong)(kong)股(gu)(gu)(gu)即可。這樣(yang)做的(de)(de)好(hao)處，一是(shi)實現(xian)了(le)產權多元(yuan)化(hua)，對建(jian)立(li)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)法(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)治(zhi)理結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)有(you)(you)利；二是(shi)通過(guo)吸納各種(zhong)經(jing)濟成分(fen)進入企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，使企(qi)業(ye)(ye)以較少的(de)(de)成本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、獲取(qu)更多的(de)(de)資(zi)金，這對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)創新發展(zhan)后勁極(ji)為有(you)(you)利。當前，國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)獨資(zi)公(gong)司建(jian)立(li)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)法(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)治(zhi)理結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)確是(shi)一個(ge)難題(ti)。由于股(gu)(gu)(gu)東只有(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)一家(jia)，不存在建(jian)立(li)股(gu)(gu)(gu)東會(hui)的(de)(de)問題(ti)。即使建(jian)立(li)了(le)董(dong)事(shi)會(hui)，董(dong)事(shi)長往往由國(guo)(guo)家(jia)授權和(he)任命，董(dong)事(shi)、監(jian)事(shi)成員往往也(ye)都是(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)內(nei)部(bu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。因(yin)此(ci)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)改制(zhi)，應(ying)盡(jin)量少搞國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)獨資(zi)公(gong)司，必(bi)須(xu)要(yao)(yao)搞產權多元(yuan)化(hua)，這樣(yang)有(you)(you)利于建(jian)立(li)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)法(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)治(zhi)理結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)。有(you)(you)了(le)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)法(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)治(zhi)理結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)才(cai)能真正轉型(xing)升級。事(shi)實上，國(guo)(guo)資(zi)委也(ye)已經(jing)將轉型(xing)升級戰(zhan)略(lve)納入“十二五”發展(zhan)思路，這一戰(zhan)略(lve)就包括(kuo)“推(tui)進國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)本(ben)向(xiang)(xiang)重要(yao)(yao)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)和(he)關(guan)(guan)鍵領域集中，推(tui)進產權結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)向(xiang)(xiang)股(gu)(gu)(gu)份化(hua)、多元(yuan)化(hua)、證券化(hua)轉變”。

    以黨(dang)(dang)建科學(xue)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)助力，推進(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特色(se)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)建設。著(zhu)眼于(yu)(yu)建立(li)和(he)(he)(he)完善中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特色(se)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，探索構建黨(dang)(dang)建工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)融入(ru)公司治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)機制(zhi)(zhi)，提(ti)高黨(dang)(dang)建工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)服(fu)務企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)科學(xue)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特色(se)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)國(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)題(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)之義(yi)。一要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)把黨(dang)(dang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機構設置、職責分工(gong)(gong)、工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)任(ren)務納入(ru)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)規(gui)(gui)范之中(zhong)(zhong)，使黨(dang)(dang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)核(he)(he)心(xin)作(zuo)用(yong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)(hua)、制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)化(hua)(hua)、具(ju)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)；繼續(xu)堅(jian)(jian)持和(he)(he)(he)完善“雙向進(jin)入(ru)、交(jiao)叉任(ren)職”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領導體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)，實(shi)現(xian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)法(fa)人治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)(li)結構與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)黨(dang)(dang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)核(he)(he)心(xin)作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)機組(zu)合(he)。二(er)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)健全黨(dang)(dang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)效參與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)決(jue)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)，公司章程(cheng)和(he)(he)(he)董事(shi)會(hui)、經理(li)(li)(li)(li)層議(yi)事(shi)規(gui)(gui)則中(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)將黨(dang)(dang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)參與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)重大問(wen)題(ti)決(jue)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內容(rong)和(he)(he)(he)程(cheng)序(xu)作(zuo)出明(ming)確規(gui)(gui)定。三要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)把堅(jian)(jian)持黨(dang)(dang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)干部原則與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)董事(shi)會(hui)依(yi)法(fa)選(xuan)(xuan)擇經營管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)者以及經營管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)者依(yi)法(fa)使用(yong)人權結合(he)起來，把組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)考(kao)察推薦與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)市場化(hua)(hua)選(xuan)(xuan)聘經營管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)者相結合(he)，使企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經營管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人員選(xuan)(xuan)拔任(ren)用(yong)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)化(hua)(hua)、規(gui)(gui)范化(hua)(hua)、程(cheng)序(xu)化(hua)(hua)、不斷提(ti)高選(xuan)(xuan)人用(yong)人公信度(du)(du)。四(si)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)切實(shi)履行(xing)保證監(jian)督職能，把黨(dang)(dang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)監(jian)督與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)監(jian)事(shi)會(hui)監(jian)督、職代(dai)(dai)會(hui)監(jian)督有(you)(you)(you)機結合(he)起來，加強對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)貫(guan)徹落實(shi)科學(xue)發展觀和(he)(he)(he)執(zhi)行(xing)國(guo)家方(fang)針政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)督，加強對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)負(fu)責人和(he)(he)(he)關鍵崗(gang)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)督。總之，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)一步解放思想、大膽創新，只要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)符合(he)建立(li)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)方(fang)向，有(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)充分發揮黨(dang)(dang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)核(he)(he)心(xin)作(zuo)用(yong)，有(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)增強企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)活(huo)力和(he)(he)(he)競爭力，有(you)(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)調動廣大黨(dang)(dang)員和(he)(he)(he)職工(gong)(gong)群眾積極(ji)(ji)性創造性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領導體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，都(dou)可以積極(ji)(ji)探索實(shi)踐。（本文章摘自(zi)《學(xue)習時(shi)報》）